What are the most important weaknesses of the environmental optimist position?

The essay provides a fairly sound critique of the environmental optimist position. However, it also has a number of important drawbacks. The article cites global warming as the evidence of inadequacy of environmental optimism. However, there is still a debate going on in scientific circles concerning the causes of global warming. There is no persuasive evidence that global warming is induced by human activity. Therefore, citing global warming as an example of inadequacy of environmental optimism is a risky strategy. The second argument used to refute environmental optimist position is formulated in a confusing way. It is not before the middle of essay that the actual claim is made in a comprehensible manner. The claim itself is disputable: the essay states that in the environmental optimist view, there is a positive correlation between the economy and the environment; however, evidence proves otherwise. The essay supports this statement by showing negative causal relationship between economic development and pollution. However, the article makes a factual mistake by listing China and India as developed countries; in fact, they are developing countries with low environmental standards and high industrial output, therefore they are among largest contributors to pollution. Consumerism is also cited as a problem that is getting amplified rather than solved by industrial development. However, the essay ignores the ongoing shift from material values to post-material values (e. g. solidarity, national self-identification, community, culture etc. ) that is happening in many European countries and catches on in the U. S. This trend might be the turning point in the relations between humankind and environment. Therefore, environmental optimism remains a credible theory.

Muscle Disease

Amanda Fallon Professor Jed Wolfson Anatomy and Physiology 1 October 27, 2011 Rhabdomyolysis: Disease of Muscular Breakdown Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of damaged muscle tissues resulting in the release of muscle fiber contents into the bloodstream (Patel M. D. ). This disease occurs when there is damage to the skeletal muscle. The breakdown products of damaged muscle cells, such as myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and frequently result in kidney damage or even kidney failure. The severity of the symptoms depends on the degree of muscle damage and the degree of the kidney damage, if any. The primary muscle damage can be caused by physical damage, medications, drug abuse and some infections. Some patients may have a higher risk of rhabdomyolsis because of a hereditary muscle condition that is already present. There are many causes of rhabdomyolysis. One of the most common causes of this disease is a crush accident, such as an auto accident. Long lasting muscle compression is also another cause of rhabdomyolysis. Long lasting muscle compression derives from â€Å"lying unconscious on a hard surface during an illness or while under the influence of drugs or alcohol â€Å"(Chang M. D. ). An untrained athlete can also get this disease from severe muscle strain where the muscle becomes damaged. Significant muscle injury can cause fluid and electrolyte shifts from the bloodstream into the damaged muscle cells, and in the opposite direction (eMedicineHealth). Other causes of rhabdomyolysis are electrical shock, very high body temperature (hyperthermia) or heat stroke, diseases of the muscular system such as â€Å"congenital muscle enzyme deficiency or Duchenne's muscular dystrophy† (Chang M. D. ). Signs and symptoms of this disease may be hard to pinpoint because the course of the disease varies depending on the cause and each patient may experience different symptoms. Complications of this disease may also be present in the early stages as well as in the later stages. The symptoms of rhabdomyolysis come from the medical history of the patient. The patient may experience painful swollen bruised or tender areas of the body. Muscle weakness may also be experienced by the patient, such as difficulty moving the arms or the legs. Nausea, vomiting and a general sense of illness can be experienced by the patient. The rise in body temperature (hyperthermia) may cause confusion, dehydration, and even a lack of consciousness if not treated. The signs of rhabdomyolysis come from the physical findings of an examination done by a doctor or a healthcare provider. Less severe forms of rhabdomyolysis may not cause any symptoms or signs, and the diagnosis can only be found in abnormal blood tests. The urine, as seen in the photo to the right, may be dark, often described as â€Å"tea-colored†, due to the presence of myoglobin in the urine. Damage to the kidneys can occur due to decreased or absent urine production, usually 12 to 24 hours after the initial muscle damage (Patel M. D. ). A second recognized complication is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a severe disruption in blood clotting that may lead to uncontrollable bleeding (Warren M. D. ). Muscle biopsies can be useful if an episode of rhabdomyolysis is thought to be the result of an underlying muscle disorder. A biopsy sample taken during an episode is often uninformative, as it will show only evidence of cell death or may appear normal (eMedicineHealth). Taking the sample can be delayed for several weeks or even months. The histopathological appearance on the biopsy indicates the nature of the underlying disorder (eMedicineHealth). Biopsy sites may be identified by medical imaging, such as using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as the muscles may not be equally affected by this disease. Early laboratory findings include increased levels of myoglobin, potassium, urea, and phosphorus found in blood levels. An â€Å"anion gap metabolic acidosis† could progress because of release of acids from damaged muscle tissue (Patel M. D. ). Myoglobin testing would be the best indication and the diagnostic basis because an increase of myoglobin usually will not occur in the absence of rhabdomyolysis. Diagnostic tests for urine myoglobin are often not easily available, and it may take more than 24 hours for the physician to get the results of the test. However, a typical urine screening for rhabdomyolysis may be performed as long as the urine sediment is examined as well. Complications of rhabdomyolysis also include disseminated intravascular coagulation, a condition that occurs when small blood clots begin forming in the body's blood vessels (eMedicineHealth). These clots ingest all the clotting factors and platelets in the body, and bleeding begins suddenly. When muscles are damaged swelling within the muscle can occur, causing what is called compartment syndrome. If this occurs in an area where the muscle is bound by fascia, a tough fibrous tissue, the pressure inside the muscle compartment can increase to the point at which blood supply to the muscle is compromised and muscle cells begin to die. Rhabdomyolysis is treatable and patients may recover quickly if the disease is caught in the early stages. The main goal of treatment is to prevent kidney damage or to prevent any further kidney damage. However, if left untreated, acute kidney failure develops in 30-40% of patients (Ritz). Early and aggressive hydration may prevent difficulties from this disease by rapidly removing the myoglobin from the kidneys. Hydration of the body may include using several liters of intravenous fluids until the condition is stabilized. Diuretics can also help with removing the iron-containing pigment out of the kidneys. If the patient produces an acceptable amount of urine a doctor may administer bicarbonate, which can prevent the myoglobin from breaking down into toxic compounds within the kidney (Warren M. D. ). Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys are not able to filter and process waste from the body. If the disease progresses enough and kidney failure occurs then the patient may have to undergo dialysis. Dialysis is a procedure that takes the blood out of the body and sends it into a machine, as seen in the picture to the left. The machine filters the waste products from the blood. In severe cases of kidney or renal failure a kidney transplant may be required. If the case of rhabdomyolysis is mild it can be treated at home. The home treatment would include lots of rest and sufficient hydration by drinking plenty of fluids. The overall prognosis of rhabdomyolysis is pretty good as long as it is diagnosed and treated promptly. If the instance of this disease is not severe then the patient may only have to be in the hospital for a short time period for rehydration with IV fluids and lots of rest so the muscles can recover. Acute kidney failure occurs in many of the patients. Rhabdomyolysis is the cause for as many as 15% of patients with kidney failure (eMedicineHealth). While the mortality rate for this disease is approximately 5% (eMedicineHealth). The risk of death caused by this disease depends mainly on the primary health of the patient, the amount of muscle damage that has been caused and any other associated injuries. If kidney failure occurs, the mortality rate can increase to 20% (eMedicineHealth). Rhabdomyolysis can be prevented in almost all cases. Exercise programs and routines need to be thoughtfully planned to prevent any kind of injury and to lower the risk of getting rhabdomyolysis. This includes avoiding exercising in extreme heat conditions and drinking a sufficient amount of fluids. Both these situations can lead to dehydration, which increases the risk of muscle damage. Also, the risk of rhabdomyolysis exists highly for patients taking statin and fibrate medications for high cholesterol control. Information is often provided to these patients to be aware of the symptoms of this disease and the information should be read carefully and thoroughly. In conclusion, this is a disease of the muscular system that could affect anyone in their lifetime. This disease is more common than what I had originally thought. Although it is easily treatable, it can be a very dangerous and painful disease. I am glad that I researched rhabdomyolysis because I have learned what can happen and what to do if I ever experience any of the symptoms. I have also learned the consequences of not training properly for exercise. In doing this research paper I have learned about a disease that I may see affect people in my career as a physical therapist. Bibliography Chang M. D. , Louise. WebMD. 13 September 2010. 22 October 2011 . eMedicineHealth. Rhabdomyolysis (Cont. ). 2011. 30 October 2011 . Patel M. D. , Parul. U. S. National Library of Medicine. 13 August 2009. 21 October 2011 . Ritz, Eberhard. â€Å"Disease of the Month: Rhabdmyolysis. † Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2000): 1553-1561. Warren M. D. , JD. â€Å"Rhabdomyolysis: a review. † Muscle and Nerve (2002): 32-47.

Beginning Of Christianity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Beginning Of Christianity - Research Paper Example ctions and ministries that the disciples themselves initiated as a means to fulfill this grand commission that they had received from Christ during his earthly ministry. Furthermore, the outpouring the Holy Spirit during Pentecost was merely a sign that the earliest beginnings of Christianity and the movement to become fishers of men had initiated as Christ noted during his earthly ministry that just such an occurrence would take place as a means to help spread the gospel message. The earliest history of the church relates how it grew from what could be described as a 1st century Jewish following to an inclusive religion that sought to engage gentiles within the ranks to the very same extent that Christ himself had focused upon the Jews within Israel. As the message was destined for all peoples, the gospel commission exhorted the disciples and fellow believers to engage with diverse peoples the world over and seek to engage them with the New Testament gospel that Christ imparted to the early church. As a function of this, the disciples spread out over various parts of the Middle East, Asia Minor, parts of Africa, and Southern Europe as a means to accomplish such an end. Although Christ spent almost all of his earthly ministry appealing to the Jewish community to accept the Savior that was sent to them, the disciples were charged with expanding upon the converts that they sought and therefore the dawn of Pentecost, the revelation of the Holy Spirit, and the ab ility to speak with different nations with the gift of tongues provided the clear break from the past that helped to define the early church and the beginnings of Christianity. Although the early apostles were themselves invariably ethnically Jewish, the great commission extended outside of the Jewish ethnicity and demanded that these apostles interact with and engage members of diverse groups outside of which they would not otherwise likely have any degree of contact. In this manner, the earliest church

My letter to facuty senate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My letter to facuty senate - Essay Example from a professional, I have learned that I am suffering from acute psychological disaster which was brought by the tragic circumstances that I need to go through. I am really sorry for not being a good student during those two semesters. Noting your experience, I know that you’re aware of the tough times that youth need to go through. Those past years have really been challenging for me as a person to remind myself that everything will be fine when I feel just too exhausted from personal burdens. The years that I’ve spent in the army did me good by instilling me with a sense of responsibility and developing my maturity. I have learned to be selfless and appreciate even those little things which I have. Thus, I would like to pursue a college education in Smeal College. Please, help me accomplish this dream by erasing those two semesters of immaturity and lack of disciple in my

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Report - Essay Example 1). Being Islam and Arabic from Kuwait, the festival is an intriguing event and a unique experience to be at the center of a cultural life unfamiliar to what I have been traditionally used to. In this regard, the experience gained from attending the event is hereby summarized in terms of the activities participated in and is instrumental in presenting an analytic evaluation of that experience through the lens of an Asian American Studies student by applying what one has learned in this course. Prior to the event, I was already profoundly interested and have actually heard so much about the Cherry Blossom Festival from friends and acquaintances as one of the much awaited intercultural events in the US. Wanting to find out more about this occasion, I searched on the internet and was made aware that â€Å"the cherry blossoms (Sakura) is a well-known and ubiquitous symbol of Japan and are frequently depicted on traditional Japanese goods and art. The cherry blossom is particularly important in Japanese culture as it represents the end of the winter and the being of new life and growing season of spring† (Japanese Lifestyle, par. 1). Remarkably, despite the tragic event of the earthquake that instigated a tsunami in Japan on March 11, the remaining cherry blossom trees continue to bloom and became symbols of both fragility and courage. As Sakurai indicated, â€Å"the warrior class liked the flowers because they didnt cling to life, but rather showed up for the briefest spell, and fell at the peak of their splendor. In this way, they embodied the spirit of "bushido" — the way of the warrior that combines stoicism, bravery, and self-sacrifice† (par. 7). By this, I was convinced that the event would be a worthwhile and memorable experience. The NCBF in Washington, D.C. has events lined up since February to April of 2011, showcasing arts exhibition of different seasons in Japan, an exhibition of flower

The relationship between theory and practice in a documentary Essay

The relationship between theory and practice in a documentary - Essay Example The concept of horror movies is definitely mysterious but in reality a phobia for ghostly matter does operates. But a documentary is more realistic in approach and there is no willing suspension of disbelieve on the part of  audiences and spectators. It provides an opportunity to peep into the lives of the others and witness their dilemmas and problems from a sociological perspective. The lives of the characters depicted in a documented film are more realistic and they belong to the same historical period of the audiences. However, it is ‘not a reproduction of reality, it is a representation of the world we already occupy’ (Nichols, 2001, p20). The subject matter of documentaries generally focuses on the social, political, economic, educational or environmental issues. In this respect, the documentary- ‘Panorama: British Schools, Islamic Rules’ has succeeded in exploring the rapid growth of new private schools in Britain influenced by the teachings of the extremists  and fundamental groups, It is a documentary to investigate into the act of segregation conducted by the one faith school.  Ã‚   The documentary begins with an investigating spirit. It states in the introductory scene that over 95 percent of the schools in Britain favor communal harmony but there has been noticed the small but rapid growth of private schools ad Muslim state schools. John ware is the reporter for this documentary and aims to find out whether these schools are encouraging acts of segregation or not. In a documentary those issues are brought into notice that is ‘subject to debate’ (Nichols, 2001, p 49). The first Muslim school established in Britain is the Al-Furqan Primary School but it prepares it students to be tolerant towards other religions and faiths. It is evident from the keeping of various idols, beads etc of different faiths in the

Sibling separation Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sibling separation - Annotated Bibliography Example In the article, there are the effects of sibling separation like trauma, extreme sense of loss and anger. The article also clearly states the repercussions of sibling separation like making it difficult for the siblings to heal, development of a healthy self image and making personal; attachments to people. In the article, there are the reasons for the placement like lack of resources and the needs of the siblings, and the factors to consider when carrying out the exercise like determining the level of attachment between the siblings. Lastly, the article looks into the ways in which the sibling can be adjusted during the process. The article expounds on the implications of sibling separations and relationships in child placement practice. The article gives details of how the relationship and bonds developed by the siblings can be monitored and understood. According to the article, the sibling placement process is multidisciplinary area requiring inputs from family therapy, rivalry, adult siblings, incest and siblings from poor families among others. The article also explains the importance of maintaining relationships and bonds during the sibling separation process. The article also gives recommendations on how to make the process of children placement in foster care successful. This book gives the details involved in children adoption process and lists the groups involved in the process. The book also explains on the measures prerequisite to enable the process to be a success. The book also explains the implications of the children separation from their friends and family on basis of various age brackets. The book also explains the various types of adoption and the implications on the sibling of each category of adoption. In the book there is a list of the social policies to be followed to make the process legal and ensure that the process has less negative impacts on the sibling, the siblings new family and the former family. The

Analysis argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis argument - Essay Example These are just two examples; there are countless similar occasions in the article where statements have been made without evidence. Anderson’s article is more of an essay than an argument since throughout the article, he has just expressed personal opinions without providing evidence for them to enhance the credibility of his argument. Anderson has basically used the article as a means to express his personal opinions. Basically the article is a reflection on the author’s personal experiences that have led him to developing certain views that he has shared in an organized way. This makes the article informative rather than argumentative. Although the article’s credibility is little because of lack of references, yet the views Anderson has shared are sensible and seem to be coming from a learned and experienced author. I particularly agree to the fact that playing video games may be one of the risk factors that play a role in making the youth criminals, yet it is too subtle and ineffective a factor to have such a large negative effect on the psychology of the children as to make them killers. One factor that is particularly out of place in the article is that although Anderson has cited no study, yet he has gone to such lengths as comparing different studies and the underlying factors as sample sizes, as he says, â€Å"Why have different researchers found different results? Well, part of the problem is that many studies have used a sample size that is much too small to produce consistent results† (Anderson cited in Ramage, Bean, and Johnson 447). Greenberg has started his argument with a strong point saying that Yee had Sen. Leland Yee did not have robust grounds to impose restriction on children’s access to violent video games since it was essentially an outcome of the ban on substance abuse which in no way compares to the video games. I find Greenberg’s argument very convincing that violent books and movies do not prov ide the audiences with a room to respond whereas violent games do, but the same power of interactivity that the video games provide the audiences could be held as a strong reason why they should be banned. Although Greenberg’s example was good, but in effect, it counteracted his own argument that was in favor of expression of violence in video games, though the examples Greenberg has given regarding how video games enhance the critical analysis and decision-making skills of the audiences are entirely convincing. These examples also indicate the potential ways in which violent games serve as mediums of free expression for the players, thus providing Greenberg with a firm basis for his argument. One thing that makes Greenberg’s article superior to Anderson’s is that Greenberg has not indicated studies anywhere and accordingly he did not need to cite them, whereas Anderson’s article was mostly based on the results of past studies without mentioning any in pa rticular. Greenberg’s examples in support of his argument were such that they did not require much citation or referencing, and the examples were plentiful as well. When the examples did require referencing, they were included. For example, when Greenberg discussed the Supreme Court’s ruling that school boards are not allowed to ban books in the libraries of the schools even if they are accessible outside

Managing Communication and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Communication and Change - Essay Example I had to go through the ordeal of learning new concepts which I wasn't too keen on. The worst part of this was the management's ineffective communication. This in effect didn't show any great results. The downside to it is the loss of a few team members as they found the change too much to deal with. The 'tipping point' comes into the picture here. Upon hearing that a particular company was not as 'experimental' as ours and that an employee had got a great salary along with a promise of better future prospects, several team members quit the company. This led to drastic measures being implemented to retain people and also had the management discuss the problem individually with all the employees identified to have been having problems adjusting to change. This new method of communication, to an extent, did succeed. Thing were back to normal after that and the organization didn't show poor results. I am still unhappy about the time I had to lose, because the organization believed it ha d to change just for the sake of it. The results were good even after continuing with the older practices. It is agreed in general that change is good for any organization but it is not true in all cases.

Joint Commission Accreditation, Certification, and Licensing Essay Example for Free

Joint Commission Accreditation, Certification, and Licensing Essay Given health record completion policies, correctly apply accreditation or licensing standards to determine the organization’s compliance. Write a 1-page paper on how you think Joint? organization’s compliance. Commission’s standards impact health record completion and organizational compliance. Be sure to discuss advantages/disadvantages of being accredited by Joint Commission. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of healthcare organizations (JCAHO) is a non-profit and independent accreditation organization that provides accreditation and certification for various healthcare organizations, health plans, health packages and hospitals in the US. It has been functioning in the US, and is recognized throughout the world. More than 15, 000 healthcare organizations in the US have been accredited and certified by the Joint Commission. An organization that subscribes to accreditation by the JCAHO would constantly have to make an effort to reach certain performance standards. JCAHO gives greater importance to maintaining patient safety standards and improving the quality of care (The Joint Commission, 2008). The Joint Commission has accredited several aspects of medical care including ambulatory care, assisted living, behavioral healthcare, critical care, laboratory services, home care, surgeries, old age clinics, staff and employees, disease-management, long-term care, etc (The Joint Commission, 2008). It is very important that the healthcare organization complies with the specifications mentioned by the JCAHO. Firstly, the healthcare organization has to understand the importance of having these specifications in place. It would benefit the organization and also the patients, insurance companies, government and the general public. The litigations against malpractice are significantly fewer when a hospital has accreditation. Flowsheets that record detailed information and observations of the patients vitals and care administered would help in precise documentation. An electronic system would act as an aid in ensuring that the specifications of the joint Commission are enforced and followed. Studies have demonstrated that the compliance levels of the JCAHO specifications are around 50 % in all healthcare organizations that subscribe to accreditation by this organization. The outcome of any case would certainly be better if the specifications laid down by the JCAHO are followed. Frequently, the Joint Commission would be conducting surveys and suggested measures to be implemented in order to improve the status of the employees and the patients. One way of ensuring that the organization complies with the JCAHO specifications is to have several monitoring devices in place. These include surprise checks, regular visits, inspection of the records, etc. The information transmitted and stored in the hospital database should be accessible to the JCAHO for the purpose of monitoring. Patient surveys are another method of ensuring compliance by the JCAHO. Another way would be to record the cases of malpractice against the healthcare organization (Massachusetts General Hospital, 2007). There are several requirements a hospital or a healthcare organization has to follow in order to get accredited to the JCAHO. These include: ? Following the recommendations launched by the AMH and the BHC ? Following the requirements of the HIPAA ? Having a system that fulfills the recommendations lay down by the JCAHO regarding flow of information (using software tools such as TIER). ? Some of the important criteria regarding the information management system includes: 1. Maintain confidentiality of the patient information 2. The internal and the external needs have to be addressed through comprehensive planning 3. Security of the information – accessibility only to the relevant staff members 4. Data, which can be collected, analyzed and decisions-made. 5. Addressing the education and training needs – Information should be presented to the staff members and the patients in an automated manner 6. Information and clinical records presented to the patients should be comprehensive and specific. The Joint Commission accreditation has several advantages and disadvantages. Advantages: †¢ The patients would be having greater confidence in the healthcare organization and health plan. †¢ In the market, there would be greater competition between the healthcare organizations. †¢ The risk management would be more efficient. †¢ The business practices and ethics would improve. †¢ The human resource management process would be better. †¢ Insurance companies and third parties would have better relationships with the healthcare organization. †¢ Compliance with the terms and conditions mentioned by the regulatory bodies would be better. Disadvantages: †¢ Information provided to the JCAHO could be potentially misused. †¢ The hospital would be spending huge sums of money for the purpose of accreditation and would actually not be involved in improving patient care. †¢ Unhealthy competition may be propagated. References: Brink, L. J. (2004). â€Å"JCAHO Information Management Standards and TIER† Retrieved on February 18, 2008, from Hospitals for a Healthy Environment Web site: http://www. sequest. net/articles/TIER%20and%20JCAHO%20IM%20Standards. pdf Hospitals for a Healthy Environment (2007). â€Å"Guide to JCAHO Environment of Care Standard 1. 10.1† Retrieved on January 29, 2008, from Hospitals for a Healthy Environment Web site: http://www. h2e-online. org/regsandstandards/jcahoEC1. 10. 1. html Masshecutes General Hospital (2007). â€Å"Massachusetts General Hospital Summary of the Joint Commission Findings. † Retrieved on January 29, 2008, from MGH Web site: http://www. massgeneral. org/findings_summary. html The Joint Commission (2008). â€Å"Joint Commission Requirements. † Retrieved on January 29, 2008, from The Joint Commission Web site: http://www. jointcommission. org/Standards/Requirements/

Healthcare Internship Reflection | Cancer Center

Healthcare Internship Reflection | Cancer Center Crystal Mullen Last month I received the privilege of being hired to work as a secretary for The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. As the name implies their sole focus and overall market involves finding cures and treatments for cancer. In fact they operate on a very aggressive mission to completely eliminate cancer by integrating patient care, prevention, and research programs. Furthermore, MD Anderson provides education about cancer research, prevention, and treatment information that ranges from their graduate and undergraduate programs at the University of Texas to MD Anderson employees and even to the general public (University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2014). Finally though not exhaustively, MD Anderson seeks to become and remain a world renowned cancer center through science, excellent people, and research-driven patient care. The motto for MD Anderson is â€Å"We are Making Cancer History (University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2014)†. One of the biggest surprises I learned when I began working for MD Anderson is that although their sole focus is eliminating cancer, that singular mission is has multiple areas of focus. This is because they have incomparable resources and a wealth of capabilities, MD Anderson is exceptionally qualified to increase the pace of transforming scientific discoveries regarding cancer into innovative clinical treatments and advances that lower the number of deaths due to cancer deaths. Their discoveries have lead MD Anderson to divide their work into six forms of cancer – otherwise known to them as â€Å"moon shots†. Along with those moon shots, MD Anderson focuses a great deal of science, research and patient care on Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma. The cancers listed in the moon shot program include breast and ovarian, Leukemia (ALM / MDS), Leukemia (CLL), Lung, Melanoma, and prostate. These six moon shots, along with Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, will ultimately lead to cures for all types of cancer (Moon Shots Program, 2014). BREAST AND OVARIAN MD Anderson’s moon shot program for breast and ovarian cancer concentrates on triple-negative breast cancer and on high-grade serous ovarian cancer. These concentrations have resulted in exciting, innovative projects that often results in the quick detection and treatment of these deadly cancers. One aspect of the moon shot program for breast and ovarian cancer involves universal genetic testing. Patients diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer and high-grade serous ovarian cancer are provided genetic counseling and testing. Furthermore, MD Anderson reaches out to at risk family members to immediately identify individuals for preventive screening. Another aspect of the moon shot program for breast and ovarian cancer involves pinpointing genetic markers/mutations to discover how these cancers respond and then adapt to cancer treatments. This data will helps physicians develop individualized treatment plans for each of their patients. Finally though not exhaustively, a thir d aspect of the moon shot program for breast and ovarian cancer involves early detection. The cancer investigators for MD Anderson focus on biomarkers that appear promising to identify and study these cancers in their earliest stages to provide better treatment conclusions (Moon Shots Breast and Ovarian, 2014). LEUKEMIA (AML/MDS) One of MD Anderson’s moon shot program for leukemia involves acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) leukemia. These two diseases are being combatted by tacking drug resistance, applying supercomputing, artificial intelligence, and AML targeted therapy such as blood stem cell transplants. First of all, AML/MDS Moon Shot strives to understand a class of drugs that form the molecular basis of drug resistance to find alternative therapies that circumvents this challenge. Furthermore, AML/MDS Moon Shot is developing a new, innovative system that takes advanced supercomputing technology and integrates this technology with individualized research data into a secure database. Advanced analytics, combined with the technology of IBM’s Watson, otherwise known as the world’s smartest computer, enables clinicians to collect new insights for patient care and research. Finally, though not exhaustively, the moon shot engages in another research option f or AML / MDS involves blood stem cell transplantation and cellular therapy. This form of research has an excellent record of both improving the safety and impact of this form of treatment (Moon Shots Leukemia (AML/MDS), 2014). LEUKEMIA (CLL) Another one of MD Anderson’s moon shot program for leukemia involves chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), MD Anderson has made great progress in this against this form of cancer. Scientists and physicians has driven one this most common form of adult leukemia close to the brink of extinction. This has been accomplished by developing cutting edge drug therapies and taking immunotherapy to eliminate residual CLL. First of all, the CLL Moon Shot team is actively studying a breakthrough class of drugs that thwarts the critical signaling in the malignant cells. These experimental drugs have proven to be excellent at preventing CLL cells from signaling their dramatic effect on the leukemic cells while creating minimal impact on other healthy cells. Furthermore, there is an additional CLL moon shot is famous for developing immunotherapy techniques to locate and destroy the remaining CLL (Moon Shots: Leukemia (CLL), 2014). LUNG Lung cancer is the most pervasive impact on our population out of other cancers. Because of its massive spread throughout the U.S. population, MD Anderson lists lung cancer as one of their Moon Shots Program. This particular battle is fought on three fronts: prevention, early detection, and treatment of advanced disease. First of all, because 80% of all lung cancers are tobacco based, the Lung Cancer Moon Shot program has launched initiatives to help in the prevention of tobacco based lung such as personalized tobacco cessation programs, social media, and referrals to successful tobacco treatment programs. Furthermore, through early detection of lung cancer diagnosing, the rate for a cure greatly increases. MD Anderson has played a significant role in the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) that deaths by lung cancer are often lowered by as much as 20% when smokers were screened early with the use of a low-dose CT scan. Finally, MD Anderson has found treatment options for pat ients with advanced stage lung cancer haven’t changed much in the last 20 years so they intend on redirecting this trend with a new program called the GEMINI Project. This uses the latest cutting edge technologies to conduct a lung cancer profile from a molecular perspective. This will bypass carpet-bombing the cancer with non-specific chemotherapies in favor of using specifically targeted therapies, which is more like â€Å"smart bombing the lung tumors without any damaging side effects (Moon Shots: Lung, 2014). MELANOMA Because instances of melanoma and skin cancer deaths have risen over the past 50 years, MD Anderson’s moon shot scientists and physicians have attacked this form of cancer through prevention and through personalized integrated management of the cancer. The MD Anderson melanoma team pursues an aggressive prevention campaign to reduce the exposure to UV light in both children and adolescents with an innovative, all-inclusive program that includes both behavioral interventions and educational outreach to discourage excessive sun exposure through tanning and replace that activity with alternative sun protection practices. Furthermore, the moon shot team uses individualized and cohesive and management of melanoma. If patients are diagnosed early surgery is usually the next step. Although many forms of melanoma are resistant to treatments scientific breakthroughs in researching this diseases have led to this disease the development new immunotherapy agents that accurately and effect ively combats even the more advanced stages of melanoma (Moon Shots: Melanoma, 2014). PROSTATE The last form of cancer listed in the Moon Shot program is prostate cancer. The National Cancer Institute, has estimated there will be 238,590 new cases diagnosed this year, resulting in approximately 30,000. I order to lower the mortality rate of this form of cancer, the Prostate Cancer Moon Shot program has concentrated on three areas: lowering instances of overtreatment; combining therapies used in advanced and early stages of the disease; and creating targeted therapies, such as immunotherapy as an alternative to traditional treatment methods. The goal is to use these treatment and therapy options in order to effectively and timely shift the process from simply treating to actually curing prostate cancer (Moon Shots: Prostate, 2014). NON-HODGKINS LYMPHOMA Although not part of the â€Å"Moon Shots† program, MD Anderson is aggressively fighting against, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. At MD Anderson their goal is to treat this form of cancer with new treatments that are tailored to each patient and using targeted, biological agents that empower a human body to combat the cancer. Our teams of specialized physicians, as well as support staff including nurses, physician assistants, dietitians, social workers and many others, work closely together – and with you – to give you higher chance for successful treatment (Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma). Conclusion: Based on what I’ve read, and what I’ve observed working at this health system, I believe MD Anderson, is successful in treating the multiple forms of cancer. In fact, if there was a brand new form of cancer to emerge, I would think this cancer center would have the equipment, the technology and the clinical personnel to combat this newest manifestation of cancer. My only recommendation is that they maintain the current list if cancers found in their â€Å"moon shots† while also addressing other cancerous diseases. If this is done they will only continue to grow in their success. References Center, U. o. (2014). Moon Shots Breast and Ovarian. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/breast-ovarian/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). About Us. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.mdanderson.org/about-us/index.html University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots Leukemia (AML/MDS). Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/leukemia-aml-mds/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots Program. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Andderson.org: http://www.mdanderson.org/about-us/facts-and-history/moon-shots-program/index.html University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots: Leukemia (CLL). Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/leukemia-cll/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots: Lung. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson Cancer Center: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/lung/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots: Melanoma. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson Cancer Center: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/melanoma/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots: Prostate. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/prostate/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (n.d.). Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.mdanderson.org/patient-and-cancer-information/cancer-information/cancer-types/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/index.html

A Look Inside a Woman’s World Essay -- Analysis, Kilbourne, Morgan

Humans are undeniably trained and wired to judge others based on race, gender, and appearance. Unfortunately, women are stuck in all categories of judgments. Jean Kilbourne, an award-winning producer on documentaries about images of women in ads, explains that when media and advertisements exploit femininity for personal gain, women are at risk for much harm because it promotes objectification, which eventually will led to violence. An African American feminist, Joan Morgan, expresses her further disturbance about the constant sexism in rap lyrics that endorses violence and anger towards women. â€Å"’Two Ways a Woman Can Get Hurt’: Advertising and Violence,† by Jean Kilbourne and â€Å"From Fly-Girls to Bitches and Hos,† by Joan Morgan reveals compelling arguments about the ways society often portrays females as an inferior gender to males. Our society today still fearfully unable to view pass the femininity of a women causing females to endures the suffering from forceful gender roles to excessive expectations by the infliction of our society, families, and media. Females are continuously objectifies by media in advertisement to be used as a tool for inappropriate sexual fantasy, which lead to violence towards women. Advertisements frequently utilize sex to show acts of power and hostility toward females of all ages (594). For the infamous Super Bowl Sunday commercials, companies like Pepsi Max and Snickers devalue females in their ads to appeal to consumers. For Pepsi Max commercial, the scene took place at a nice restaurant where a man and a beautiful woman is having a romantic date, while the woman in the commercial was wondering if her date was the one for her, all he could think about was his desire to sleep with her until ... ...n? Our society does not seem to notice their offense towards women, which will still continues due to the carelessness people tend brush off their shoulder when facing the effects of cruel expectations for women. From gender roles and expectations, females have suffers tremendously throughout all ages. There are numerous hardships and disadvantages females have to deal with in everyday life. Vicious judgments, discrimination, and objectification towards women demonstrate that our society has created a difficult world for women to live in. It is time for changes, a brake for all women to live life freely without worrying and suffering. The public views must acknowledge the struggles female endured and take the opportunity to look inside a woman’s world in order to prevent the torturing of all women from media, advertisements, families, and society’s judgments.

Maxims and Masks: The Epigram in The Importance of Being Earnest Essay

Maxims and Masks: The Epigram in "The Importance of Being Earnest" Oscar Wilde frames "The Importance of Being Earnest" around the paradoxical epigram, a skewering metaphor for the play's central theme of division of truth and identity that hints at a homosexual subtext. Other targets of Wilde's absurd yet grounded wit are the social conventions of his stuffy Victorian society, which are exposed as a "shallow mask of manners" (1655). Aided by clever wordplay, frantic misunderstanding, and dissonance of knowledge between the characters and the audience, devices that are now staples of contemporary theater and situation comedy, "Earnest" suggests that, especially in "civilized" society, we all lead double lives that force upon us a variety of postures, an idea with which the closeted (until his public charge for sodomy) homosexual Wilde was understandably obsessed. The play's initial thrust is in its exploration of bisexual identities. Algernon's and Jack's "Bunburys" initially function as separate geographic personas for the city and country, simple escapes from nagging social obligations. However, the homoerotic connotations of the punning name (even the double "bu"'s, which serve mostly an alliterative purpose, insinuate a union of similarities, and "Bunbury" rhymes with "buggery," British slang for sodomy) flare up when paired with Algernon's repeated assaults on marriage: ALGERNON. "...She will place me next to Mary Farquhar, who always flirts with her own husband across the dinner table. That is not very pleasant. Indeed, it is not even decent ... and that sort of thing is enormously on the increase. The amount of women in London who flirt with their own husbands is perfectly scandalous. It looks so bad. It i... ... he was inextricably associated but from which he could just as easily distance himself via a pithy saying, but he treats the tension of homosexuality, his own mask, more seriously. Jack is never ready to admit his entrance into the Bunbury underworld, and we never learn from Algernon the necessary rules of conduct. The personification of homosexuality as a character's double is not surprising - some critics argue that Dr. Jekyl's evil counterpart, Mr. Hyde, has some homosexual leanings - as such a controversial and, perhaps, embarrassing topic can be more easily disguised and obscured in the murky depths of the doppelganger tale. Today, with scientific evidence backing an opinion that places individuals' sexual preferences on a sliding scale from full heterosexuality to full homosexuality, the simple bifurcated view of sexuality in literature may soon be obsolete.

The Racial Struggles of Puerto Ricans Essay -- Race Racial Culture Ess

The Racial Struggles of Puerto Ricans Another large component of Puerto Ricanness is Race. All of the different cultures that have throughout history combined to form Puerto Rico effect their nationality, history, lifestyles, traditions, music, and foods. The "discovery" or infiltration of the island of Borinquen (or Puerto Rico as it was later renamed) in 1493 by Spain resulted in the decimation of the native Taino population. With the loss of an immediate source of cheap labor to work the fields for their sugar cane industry, they introduced African culture into the region by importing slaves to replace the Taino field workers. In addition to the introduction of African culture into Puerto Rico voluntary immigration brought further divergence from the native population of the island through the influx of foreigners of European descent. The prosperous sugar and coffee industries during the Spanish rule attracted foreigners seeking economic prosperity from area such as France, Italy, Spain (primarily Corsica and Mallorca) and other areas in Europe. The arrival of the foreigners resulted in the "whitening" (Gonzalez) of the racial mixture of the island’s inhabitants. Through the Spanish colonial era briefly describe above, it is evident that Puerto Rican society was a very culturally diverse island. Despite this there has always been heavy emphasis placed on the whiteness of the society by the white elite that dominate the island. Josà © Luis Gonzà ¡lez wrote a controversial article titled Puerto Rico: The Four-Storeyed Country in which he expressed his view that Puerto Rican society was not predominately white but rather black because of the thousand of slaves that were taken to the island to work on Sugar plantations. Gonz... ...aven, 1997) Guerra, Lilian. Popular Expressions and National Identity in Puerto Rico: The Struggle For Self, Community, and Nation. (University Press of Florida: Gainesville, 1998) Dietz, James. Economic History of Puerto Rico. (Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1986) Glasser, Ruth. My Music is My Flag: Puerto Rican Musicians and the New York Communities. (University of California Press, Berkaley 1995) Scarano, Franciso. Sugar and Slavery in Puerto Rico, 1815-1849: An Overview from: Scarano, Sugar and Slavery in Puerto Rico: "The Plantation Economy of Ponce, 1800-1850. (Madison U. of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 3-34. Morris, Nancy. Culture, Politics, and Identity. (Wetsport: Praeger, 1995) Ferre, Rosario. The House on the Lagoon. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995) Lopez, Tania. Personal Web Page http://frontpage/tlopez

Child Obesity

Nowadays, childhood obesity has become an epidemic in all over the world. This essay will consider the problem of obesity and outlline possible solutions. To begin with, in point of fact the reason of obesity are not difficult to understand. Firstly, people are eating more and more unhealthy food, namely fast-foods which contain a large percentage of calories. It is because children feel junk-foods are more appertizing than fresh foods cooked at home.Moreover, many parents become so busy that they do not have time to cook . Secondly, there are short of space for children to play . In addition, children nowadays have too many exercises to do at home so they so not have much time to play. This leads to watching TV and playing computer game a lot. Thirdly, fast-food industry has developed dramatically in many countries. In fact, there are more and more fast- food joint in everywhere.Furthermore, particular in Western cultures are often very high in fat. Obesity have many bad effects on society . First of all, overweight children can get many serious dieases such as heart disease, diabetes or even cancer. It can also leads to an increase of stress in school for fat children when they become object of cruel jokes, consequently, overweight children are always unconfident in themselves. As we have seen, there are number of ways to reduce obesity.One of the most effective method is that society ,school and family should take responsibility for educating about mental health of healthy life style for children so as to they have knowledge about the risk of obesity. In short, the main causes of childhood obesity is bad diet and less active. This leads to considerable damage about health in the long term. In my view, children should be encouraged to eat healthy foods and do exercise frequently.

UK Policies Regarding Inequality And Inclusion Education Essay

This essay will place one UK enterprise within Early Old ages that aims to turn to issues associating to inequality and inclusion. It will discourse the inequalities and the subsequent negative effects that this enterprise aims to turn to. It will analyze the possible impact of the enterprise. ‘Removing barriers to achievement ‘ was a Government enterprise in 2004 to enable kids with extra demands to make their full potency, by giving chances to play, learn and develop. It promoted the importance of affecting kids with SEN in doing determinations about their ain acquisition through communicating with them. It had a vision to back up early old ages ‘ scenes, schools and local governments in doing betterments in commissariats. It built on the Every Child Matters results and utilizing incorporate services to better inclusive pattern. It covered four cardinal countries ; early intercession through supplying entree to suited child care for kids and households ; taking barriers to larning through inclusive pattern in every scene ; raising outlooks and accomplishments, through bettering learning accomplishments and schemes for run intoing the demands of kids with SEN ; and presenting the importance of partnership through an built-in attack so parents can be confident that their kids will acquire the instruction they need. ( Lloyd ) Dewey described how a balanced course of study of kids ‘s active acquisition and high quality instruction of cognition was needed for experimental instruction. It is necessary to understand what is meant by equality and inclusion and this essay will take to clear up this. With respect to inclusion the Early Years Foundation Stage statutory model ( 9:1.13 ) suggests: â€Å" suppliers should present individualized acquisition, development and attention that enhances the development of the kids in their attention and gives those kids the best possible start in life † Through the EYFS practicians use the four subjects of alone kid, Positive relationships, enabling environment and acquisition and development to enable inclusive pattern. It is each commissariats duty to take barriers to inclusion, be a positive function theoretical account for valuing diverseness, challenge kids and be alert to marks of exclusion. The National Children ‘s Bureau and Early Years Equality Organisation have proposed a 6th result, viz. to be equal- feel you belong. The benefits of inclusion for kids in Early Old ages are huge. Children learn to value others and in bend they excessively are valued. Their single demands are catered for and they are able to play in enriched environments, where they can larn about others backgrounds and civilizations. Early Old ages scenes need to hold committedness to inclusive pattern to enable kids to accomplish. Inclusive pattern takes into history the United Nations Convention on the rights of the kid, which stated that all kids and immature people have the right to state what they think about affairs that affect them and that they are taken earnestly. ( ) Equality in Early Old ages is concerned with run intoing the demands of single kids. It includes everyone regardless of ethnicity, civilization, faith, household background, place linguistic communication, larning troubles, disablements, gender or ability. ( MacLeod-Brudenell 2004:257 ) Children are influenced by their place environment, household values and societal factors. Vygotsky described that a kid ‘s development is embedded in society and that they are a meaningful member from birth. ( Fawcett 2009:49 ) Bruner developed a scaffolding attack based on Vygotsky ‘s zones of proximal development, he believed kids learnt within their cultural environment. It is of import therefore to value kids ‘s civilization so that they develop. Bronfenbrenner ‘s ‘systems ‘ suggested that non merely was the kid influenced by immediate household ( micro ) , the wider societal context of school ( meso ) and parents work topographic points and Government ( exo ) besides had an consequence on them. Research into the benefits for kids go toing a high quality preschool proviso was completed by the 2004 Effective Provision of Preschool Education ( EPPE ) Government undertaking which stated the importance of inclusion and recognised the significance of the Early Old ages. It stated that with respect to SEN scenes should supply different larning chances to run into the demands of single kids. ( Fawcett 2009:93 ) EPPE concluded that early intercession was a cardinal factor in bettering kids ‘s cognitive development. This essay will foreground larning troubles and disablements and the Governments scheme to turn to inequality and inclusion. Children who need excess support in countries such as behavioral or emotional, physical or centripetal, address and linguistic communication are said to hold a Particular Educational Need ( SEN ) . The SEN Code of pattern ( Dfes 2001 ) is used by suppliers to guarantee kids with SEN are given support that is required to run into their specific demands. Guidance on how to place, buttocks and ) supply aid is contained in the codification which should be used in concurrence with the commissariats policy for SEN. If a kid had been identified within a scene as holding SEN they are entitled to holding extra programme of support described as Early Old ages Action. Parents are informed throughout and if it becomes necessary to affect professionals, such a address and linguistic communication healers or kid psychologists the kid is so entitled to a programme described as Early Old ages Action Plus. Individual Education Plans ( IEP ) are devised for kids with SEN in scenes to back up and develop single acquisition. These frequently high spot specific countries of concern or developmental demand. Close partnership with parents and professionals impact on kids ‘s acquisition and development frequently ensuing in better passages to other scenes or school entry. Observations and appraisals are valuable in early intercession. However, would it be more valuable for IEP ‘s to go built-in to be aftering for all kids, holding respect for Every Child Matters results and the Early Years Foundation Stage model, which valued individualized acquisition and development. Funding for SEN has increased from ?2.8 billion to ?4.1 billion in the last four old ages, a Parliament publication described, nevertheless there are still kids being allow down by the system which causes defeat to parents, kids schools and local governments. The Education and Skills Act of 2008 stated it was the responsibility of local governments to advance immature peoples ‘ engagement in instruction and preparation. The Warnock study in 1978 introduced the incorporate attack, now known as inclusive attack and statements of SEN. This study was similar to ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ and Every Child Matters because it put the kid at the Centre of its docket and used a squad work attack. However, Warnock suggested in 2005 that unless there was a alteration in precedence given to kids with SEN the enterprise would non accomplish its purpose. Warnock was described by the Disability Rights Commission as saying subdivision 8 of the Human Rights Act which announced kids have â€Å" the right to personal development and right to set up relationships with other human existences and the outside universe † She suggested that the importance for the kid was that they were able to accomplish this, non peculiarly where they achieved it, she believed particular schools were the manner forward for some kids with SEN and non others. Inequalities and neg effects this enterprise aims to turn to†¦ †¦ .. The challenges confronting kids who have Special Educational Needs ( SEN ) are that excessively many kids are waiting excessively long to hold their demands met. Early intercession is hindered by deficiency of support or hapless coordination between professionals. Mainstream scenes are diffident how they will pull off, they may experience ailment equipped, so kids may be turned off. Developing staff accomplishments needs to be a precedence. Particular schools feel they may hold an unsure hereafter. Families face fluctuations in degrees of support that is available to them within their Local Authority. The ‘postcode lottery ‘ that exists demands careful consideration and alteration. The ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ inaugural purposes to raise outlooks and accomplishment through individualized instruction, constructing on what kids already know and can make. It understands the demand for kids to be active scholars. Every Child Matters believed that early intercession was the key to back uping kids with SEN. Using an integrated attack such as Common Assessment Framework ( CAF ) the squad of preschool, wellness service, parents and professionals assess the demands of single kids through careful observations. Because it is of import to observe that kids behave otherwise in different state of affairss the CAF would turn out utile for seting all relevant observations together to bring forth an appraisal. Potential impact of enterprise†¦ The inclusive attack to advancing the possible and public assistance of kids with SEN will supply better results for kids. High quality, flexible commissariats who value parental engagement would take to early designation and intercession. It was hoped that the ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ inaugural would supply preparation and academic support for staff. The ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ inaugural believed that over clip the figure of kids go toing particular schools would fall. Increased cognition and capablenesss in mainstream scenes would enable this to go on, nevertheless the Government still accepted some kids needed the instruction provided by particular schools. The University of Cambridge reported in a Parliament publication that there was grounds that kids who would hold antecedently attended particular schools were booming in mainstream instruction. However it besides reported that some instructors and schools felt sick equipped to get by with kids with SEN. Failings†¦ OFSTED, 2004 described there to be a important deficiency of advancement in commissariats refering SEN. A Parliament publication suggested OFSTED had commented â€Å" advancement in larning remains slower than it should be for a important figure of students † Although OFSTED stated the programme raised consciousness of the benefits for inclusion and had made some betterments to pattern, it besides suggested this was merely in a minority of schools it visited. A Parliament publication described how Lord Adonis, the Under Secretary of State for schools and Minister with duty for SEN commented â€Å" the current system is non working absolutely † he suggested that some households were still non having equal support, doing defeat. Research into how the programme has progressed is still merely on a little graduated table, small has been produced to see the societal impact of inclusion on SEN kids and their equals in mainstream schools. A survey by Education Exeter in 2010 will look at friendly relationships and societal interactions with respect to inclusion. This will turn out utile in understanding how much kids are affected by the programme aimed at taking barriers to achievement. A cardinal precedence is developing of the Early Years work force in recognizing SEN and step ining early, nevertheless is increasing funding adequate to do this happen. Harmonizing to Dyson ( cited Lloyd ) is the programme more concerned with bettering National Standards instead than the engagement and inclusion of kids with SEN? Would a alteration in the course of study better suit taking barriers to achievement through developing it to reflect the holistic attack instead than kids accomplishing on a graduated table? P graduated tables are a mandatory portion of educating kids with SEN that are working below flat 1 of the national course of study. The Inclusion development programme which was launched following the ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ is counsel for commissariats concentrating on specific countries of SEN. It gives utile information and counsel for commissariats to better inclusive pattern through preparation stuffs, information refering where to happen specific aid and advice. It is an priceless acquisition resource to enable quality betterment. Through go oning professional development Early Old ages practicians work to place prejudiced pattern for illustration stereotyping, ignorance, bias and fright. ( Jones 2004:15 ) Through placing factors which may discourage inclusion practicians can measure pattern and do betterments. In decision the inaugural ‘removing barriers to achievement ‘ aimed to turn to issues associating to inequality and inclusion. Although the rules of the scheme are clear to assist kids to make their full potency, in world some kids with SEN are still neglecting to accomplish this. The Every Child Matters personalised instruction attack to SEN and a quicker system of appraisal and support will be required to accomplish the schemes aims. It maintained that early intercession was the factor that would find its success as the Surestart programme outlined in the Children ‘s Act 2004. Other factors that need to be addressed are bureaucratism and paperwork, doing certain schools and instructors are equipped to run into kids ‘s demands through preparation and support. It besides needs to measure resources and increased support in order to supply high quality early old ages practicians that value and advance equality and inclusive pattern.

Onion DNA Extraction Essay

DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) is found in every living organism. It provides the information and instructions to build and regulate cells in organisms. The information it contains is used when organisms are being reproduced. It is made up of two polynucleotide chains known as DNA strands. Within the two chains there are four nucleotide units: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. Materials and Methods An onion was cut into pieces and placed in a blender with 50 mL of water and blended for one minute. Once blended, 20 mL of 25% saline solution and 10 mL of liquid detergent was added to the mixture and blended for 3 minutes. The mixture was then added to a flask and placed into a bath of hot water at 42? C for 10 minutes. The mixture was then removed from the hot water bath and filtered using a cheese cloth (dryer sheet) into a beaker. In a test tube (test tube â€Å"B†), 10 mL of 90-95% ethanol was placed into a beaker filled with ice. Then 10 mL of the filtered mixture was then placed into a test tube (test tube â€Å"C†). Test tube â€Å"C† was tilted at an angle and the ethanol from test tube â€Å"B† was slowly poured into test tube â€Å"C†. After 5 minutes, a white layer was formed between the onion-detergent mixture (test tube â€Å"B†) and the ethanol (test tube â€Å"C†). A plastic pipette was used to remove the white layer from the tube and placed into a micro centrifuge tube. The micro centrifuge tube was centrifuged at 10 K rpm for 1 minute. The supernatant in the tube was then removed and discarded only leaving the white pellet that was formed at the bottom. Results During this experiment, the DNA of the onion had formed at the bottom of the micro centrifuge tube.

Outline for Drugs

Outline 1. Introduction: Drugs are a major problem in our society. There are many people trying to stop it. Some techniques are imprisonment, school programs such as D. A. R. E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education), and parental guidance. This simply is not making the drug use go down. What we have been doing in the past is not working. The best possible solution for this epidemic is to legalize drugs. 2. Body: More than 20 million American’s over the age of 12 use illegal drugs.Over the past 40 years it has cost the tax payer 1. 8 trillion dollars to stop the drug cartels. The failed war on drugs has cost billions of dollars, tens of thousands of lives, and incarcerated hundreds of thousands of people. There are plenty of people trying to fix this problem but there is a solution that is better which is legalizing drugs. 3. Solutions: In the past we have tried imprisonment by taking them off the streets, which failed. †¢Those same people come out and use drugs again.We have tried after school programs such as D. A. R. E. which also failed. †¢According to the U. S. General Accounting Office, the U. S. Surgeon General, the National Academy of Sciences, and the U. S. Department of Education, â€Å"Scientific evaluation studies have consistently shown that DARE is ineffective in reducing the use of alcohol and drugs and is sometimes even counterproductive—worse than doing nothing. † Talking to kids about drug use not working. †¢More and more kids are using drugs at a young age.Legalizing drugs is the best solution. 4. My Choice: Legalizing drugs is best solution †¢People use because it is illegal and enjoy taking a risk so by legalizing it would make less people wanting to do drugs just because it is legal †¢There wouldn’t be more people using, it would be the same people who use it now †¢Drug legalization would also reduce government costs and raise tax revenue, so a portion of the money made would b put back into drug rehab facilities and classes on educating the effects of drug usePartial Legalization of drugs †¢Drugs would be available only under controlled circumstances †¢Mandated labels with dosage instructions †¢Restrictions on advertising †¢Age limitations †¢Restrictions on the amount purchased at a time †¢Requirements on the form supplied 5. Call to Arms There are many children being raised without their parents because of drug use, overdose, and drug cartel violence. On Easter morning Sean, 12 years old woke up and found is father in his home office passed out with a needle in his arm.Emily never knew her father because he was sent to jail for drugs her whole life, every time he got out he would go use, and eventually he died of drug overdose. Legalizing drugs could have saved their lives by better educating them, using in controlled circumstances, and having restrictions. To think had we just legalized drugs there would be a decrease in drug abuse, eliminate drugs cartels and violence, and these young children would have grown up with their parents.

Crime Reduction Efforts in the US Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crime Reduction Efforts in the US - Assignment Example In the consensus perspective of criminal justice, the "organizations of a criminal justice system must work cooperatively to establish justice, not competitively" ("Consensus Model (criminal justice)", n.d.). However, goodness is a multi-dimensional relative concept, and people always have different and opposing interests that may cause position or role conflicts, so achieving this goal may be impossible in practical cases. Having one consistent system means that it may only be one-sided and only favors one particular group in society. On the other hand, in the conflict perspective, the "organizations of a criminal justice system must work competitively to establish justice, not cooperatively" because conflicts are inevitable. A society is consistently subjected to a process of constant change, which produces social conflicts. Moreover, changes in customs, political ideals, and economic conditions may cause the criminal justice system to contradict itself. So this advocates the natural role of a dialectic process ("Conflict model (criminal justice)", n.d.). For me, a "true" system cannot be simply defined. Maintaining social control, enforcing laws, defining rights, and administering justice is a dynamic process because requires inspecting and updating each aspect of a justice system periodically, as aspects of culture constantly change (e.g., human social relationships, traditions, norms, the difference between ‘what is’ and ‘what should be’ and other concepts).   Considering the relativity of goodness, establishing one law that can tackle all is impossible, and the situation must be treated in a case-to-case basis (â€Å"Creating a New Criminal Justice System for the 21st Century†, 2000).   Moreover, weighing means and ends or costs and benefits before arriving at a rational choice is a subjective process, so there is no perfect system that would fit everyone.   Considering the complexity of reality (e.g., differences in social classes, ongoing issues on ethics) but with an attempt to advocate f airness, only a certain level of standardization can be established, but the standards must be consistently updated (â€Å"Creating a New Criminal Justice System for the 21st Century†, 2000).  

Internet as a Waste of Time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Internet as a Waste of Time - Essay Example Most people without internet are not able to receive news on time, and the much they receive compared to the amount accessed in the internet is very little. Most researchers, apart from their field or laboratory work, acquire statistics and facts via the internet. On the other hand, students, lecturers and persons get lots of information that they need easily from the internet instead of consuming much time in libraries searching for their preferred piece of work. Thus, from the internet, information access is easy hence saving time. Currently, businesses conduct their activities through the internet. This helps them save a lot of time. The major improvement in the business world is the online buying and selling of goods and services. For instance, boutiques display their products online using their blogs and interested customers shop online. This saves on time as in normal cases; customers are required to go to the boutiques to shop. Interviews in most businesses have gone online wh ereby the interviewees send their CVs and related documents hence the interviews take place. Therefore, much time consumption reduces. Internet use boosts Self-development. People are able to share their ideas and talents largely via internet. Talented individuals display their work in audio, video and written forms. They develop their talents and boost their esteem through the positive criticism they receive, for example like and comments. Civic awareness is important for all individuals and is widely gained through the internet. Civilization of individuals is automatic for internet users thus saving time on awareness campaigns. Internet sites enhance making friends, a major part of everyone, for example twitter. (Mark, 2006) in his article- â€Å"Scientists: Internet, Chat rooms Good for Teenagers.† published in the London Times quoted, â€Å"Regular users of teen chat rooms tend to be more engaged with their communities than the rest of their age group, and their online i dentities play an important role in the self-discovery of adolescence, researchers said† (Ward, 2008). The internet serves as a tool for communication. There are many internet sites for communication today such as facebook, twitter, my space and many more. Users reach each other both locally and internationally easily through the internet. This mode of communication saves money, as these sites are very cheap to access. Time is also highly saved, as the internet is fast and highly effective. For instance electronic mails.†The internet is not diminishing community activity, but simply transferring it to online communities.† (Justine, 2001), a professor of communication studies at Northwestern University said this. Internet is the utmost source of entertainment globally. Internet users access different forms of entertainment such as, music, movies, games and other exciting activities. People save time as people do not have to wait for the release of tangible forms of entertainment, that is compact discs, DVDs etc (Solove, 2007). The youth especially do not need to go out to dance clubs, cinema theatres, frequently to get entertained as internet offers them the source for their preferred choices. The use of internet has reduced manual labor force for many companies and industries. Hiring many employees is now an outdated practice thus saving time for interviews and money that used to pay the workers. Politically, online voting has reduced time wastage for both the government

Organizational and technical issues of significance in the Research Paper

Organizational and technical issues of significance in the international or global management of information systems - Research Paper Example In a digital world, key business assets such as intellectual property, essential capabilities and human being resources are controlled through digital means. Moreover, any information required to support key business decisions is available any given time and anywhere within digital firms, which gives digital firms the ability to respond rapidly compared to the traditional firms making digital firms flexible and able to survive in turbulent times. Information systems offer digital firms extraordinary opportunities to global organizations and management because information systems enable business firm to possess the potential of achieving unprecedented levels of prosperity and competitiveness. International information systems are made up of fundamental information systems necessary for corporations to coordinate global business and various other activities. Digital firms are distinguished by their reliance on information technology in organizing and managing their activities; hence, m anagers consider information systems as useful enablers as well as the core of business and a primary management tool despite the various challenges to information systems. ... Information systems contain information regarding considerable people and things within an organization or even within the surroundings of the organization. Information system from business perspective is considered a managerial tool that has its basis on information technology useful in solving challenges within the environment. Therefore, information systems form an integral part in organizations because some companies like credit reporting firms would not be in business without information systems. A significant part of management involves creative work that is propelled by knowledge and information; hence, information system plays a significant and powerful role in redirecting and redesigning an organization. Information technology is a tool managers use to tackle change where computer hardware is used to input, process and output information within an information system. Information systems consist of various components that include the processing unit, several input, and output and storage devices as well as physical media that connects the devices. Computer software involves detailed programmed instructions that coordinate computer hardware within an information system, while storage technology involves physical media for keeping data like optical disks as well as software that governs the organization of data on the physical media. Communication technology incorporates physical gadgets and software in linking the several parts of hardware and transferring data from one place to another through computer networks in order to share resources. Technology resources that can be shared throughout an organization constitute the organization’s information technology infrastructure,

Christine Ladd-Franklin Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Christine Ladd-Franklin - Research Paper Example Background Christine Ladd- Franklin was born on 1st December 1847 in Windsor Connecticut. She was the oldest child of her parents Eliphalet and Augusta (Niles) Ladd and was fondly called Kitty. She had a brother, Henry Ladd and a sister Jane Augusta Ladd McCordia. Christine had the opportunity to attend women’s rights lectures from her earlier ages since her mother Augusta, and her aunt Juliet Niles were ardent supporters of women’s rights movements; and these lecture classes made Christine a strong women’s rights supporter and she believed that woman must get equal standards as that of a man in every phase of social life (Furumoto, 1992, p.176). On account of her mother’s death, she was forced to move to Portsmouth where her father’s home was situated. She joined in Wesleyan Academy in order to attend the course for Harvard, which was generally attended by boys. Christine had got the freedom to continue her education at Vassar College although she faced protestations from her family at the earlier stages. During the course of her study at Vassar College, Christine was driven to move to Utica so as to overcome her financial difficulties by earning money from teaching. From Utica, she got the chance to deal with various languages, trigonometry, and botanical specimens and it increased her academic talents. Even during the course of her studies, Christine had continued her women’s right activities with all supports from her father and aunt. She returned to Vassar College to complete her studies, where she met a female astronomy professor, Maria Mitchell. Mitchell motivated Christine to increase her knowledge in mathematics and science and it influenced Christine a lot. She worked as an instructor of mathematics and science in secondary schools in Pennsylvania for nine years after she had completed her graduation course from Vassar College. She applied to Johns Hopkins University for her higher education and got admission on the strength of her earlier works even though she faced certain restrictions from the university. In 1882, Christine married Fabian Franklin who was the younger faculty of John Hopkins math department. Christine published some brilliant papers in American Journal of Mathematics and gradually her interests turned to logic subjects. Although she had completely fulfilled the conditions for the Ph. D, she did not get it until 1926. Christine became famous mainly on the ground of her theory of color vision in which she defined mathematical as well as psychological perspectives for her concept. She accompanied her husband Fabian Franklin when he took a sabbatical to Europe and it helped Christine to continue her research in Professor G. E. Muller’s laboratory without getting affected by restrictions in German universities. After completing her research studies in Muller’s laboratory, she went to Berlin where she was admitted in the Hermann von Helmholtz’s laborator y (Rossiter, 1982, p.43). Christine’s works in different laboratories with different faculties enabled her to contribute a lot in the field of psychology. She presented her theory at International Congress of Psychology held in London in 1892; it gave great fame in the world of psychology. She acted as the associate editor in Baldwin’s Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology for the period of 1901 to 1905. In 1904, Johns Hopkins permitted Christine to lecture one

Identification of managerial, financial, legal and ethical Essay - 2

Identification of managerial, financial, legal and ethical implications - Essay Example Whatever legislature that pertains to the subject matter is covered under a set of workplace Torts. Ineffective administrative communication leads to frustration and the buildup of stress within the organization. A major reason for this could be the legal principle of â€Å"Respondeat Superior† which places the responsibility of the activities of the employee on the superior or the manager. Thus, the senior – junior relationship is constantly strained and is one of perpetual scrutiny rather than warmth or affection. At one extreme of this we have the tendency among some in power to abuse their position through threats, abuse, intimidation and retaliatory discharge, all of which are cause of legal action. In an effort to reduce the probability of wrongful discharge, some states, such as Connecticut, Montana, Maine and Michigan have enacted legislation that protects employees from terminations that are found to be arbitrary and capricious (Pozgar & Santucci, 2007). At the other end, the employees themselves should ethically adhere to a strict code of conduct that respects patient specific and facility specific information. Also, the court enunciated a corporate negligence doctrine in 1965 under the Darling Vs Charleston Community Memorial Hospital which stated clearly that a hospital has the duty to provide an adequately trained medical and nursing staff. Legal statues and workplace torts require that employers must communicate clearly to prospective employees that their employment is at will and can be terminated at any time by either the employer or the employee. This shall encourage the employee to work properly as well as clear any misconceptions that may arise later. In recent years however, the rule that employment for an indefinite term is terminable by the employer whenever and for whatever cause he chooses

Doing research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doing - Research Paper Example A personal assessment of my skills and knowledge shows that even though I possess some level of competence to get the idea through, there remains a major aspect of my study that needs to be improved. This is because the need to go about this research and complete it according to the required objectives demand an interrelated level of skills and knowledge that are tied around a self empowered motivation to get an issue of concern, investigated to the latter. There will therefore be additional skills in interpersonal relation, communication skills, as well as data collection and handling skills to ensure that the project is carried out to its logical conclusion. I also need to revamp my knowledge in marine safety in general and boat yard safety in specific. Without an overall understanding of marine safety and boat yard safety to be specific, working on this research area will be like treating stomach ache by placing a plaster on the tummy. This is because the core or depth of the problem will not be reached. Most times, people working in the marine area have been identified to have their own peculiarities and depths of issues that affect and undermine their safety, security and general wellbeing. It is only when a researcher has an adequate level of knowledge on these that the best forms of interventions can be identified for them. As part of finding out about boat yard safety, specific aspects of learning such as causes of risk, risk factors, effects of risk, and solutions to marine risks must all be considered. The original idea of the research shall be changed significantly in this new project. It would be noted that the original idea laid emphasis on employee and employer forum. As far as the original ideas are concerned, there is one major deficiency that may hinder its feasibility. This is the absence of prove of

The Four Forces of Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Four Forces of Evolution - Essay Example It usually contains upper and lower cases, symbols and numbers. But it is not as strong as Passphrases. Passphrases are short sentences or sequence of words. Pass phrases are stronger and easy to remember. Though Cryptic passwords are strong, it is very difficult to remember it. If we write the password down somewhere there would be chances of losing it. So Passphrases are better than Cryptic passwords. Since passphrases contain 20-30 characters it can easily avoid attackers and it would also reduces the chances of having that in a dictionary. Another important way to keep our personal matters is by having multiple passwords. It is better to use different passwords for different accounts. One of the best methods to keep multiple passwords is to create passwords which have some kind of a relation. And you should make sure that the relation should be something that is not easily predictable. Most of us face difficulty in creating a strong password. We tend to commit certain errors while creating a password. There are some common errors that we make when creating a personal password. Usage of personal information as password, use of the any variant of the word ‘Password’, use of short passwords which are very easy to remember, use of most common passwords, use of nicknames and birthdays as password are some of the common errors made by people while creating a password. Creating a strong password is not very easy. We should make sure that we never commit the above mentioned errors. The more complex is your password the better it would be. Try to include symbols and numbers in your password to make it complicated. Changing password in a periodic interval would also help you to keep your personal information secure. Here is a procedure to create a strong password. First of all you write a sentence which is of more than 8 characters. Then you remove the space between the words. Once you remove the space you can intentionally misspell a word in order to make

Kevin Stevenson retires as AASB Chair Essay Example for Free

Kevin Stevenson retires as AASB Chair Essay This media article is about the accomplishments and achievements of Kevin Stevenson regarding his retirement from Chairman of the Australian Accounting Standards Board on 30th June 2014. (Media releases, 2014) While Kevin Stevenson was in his position, he ensured the long traditions of financial reporting was being supported both internationally and domestically and that counseling was provided for the issues raised about FRC. (Media releases, 2014) Mr. Stevenson was the first to research, develop and create Accounting Standards Advisory Forum which is dealt within International Accounting Standards Board. The AASB’s Research Centre was established while Stevenson worked as the Asian-Oceanian Standard Setters Group’s chair. His leadership focus was mainly on the interest of the public. This was stated by Lynn Wood, FRC’s chair and trustee of the IFRS Foundation. Ian Mackintosh, the former Chair of the PSASB of Australia and Deputy Chair of IASB was in agreement with this statement. (Media releases, 2014) According to Mackintosh, Mr. Stevenson has largely contributed to have Asian countries to join IFRS, like Nepal and Korea. From the beginning of the 1970s, Stevenson has put all his attention in setting principal based standards and developing a Conceptual Framework to be used in financial reporting. Mr. Stevenson supported accounting regulations as it was evidenced by his organisation and also by Australian Accounting Research Foundation. He has also been appointed as a director of AARF while watching AARF grew with it’s development of regulations. He was a leader and was in the most important position when setting the international pace to develop the common accounting standards for both the public and the private sectors. (Media releases, 2014) Stevenson has contributed in the formation of the Public Sector Accounting. He took a significant role in the establishment of International Financial Reporting Standards in 2005 and this Standard has widely been used in Australia and the entire Europe. (Media releases, 2014) Concepts, ideas and facts There are two important components that need to be satisfied to offer accounting services exhibiting high efficacy and quality. These are teamwork and leadership. Management models in accounting services need to employ strategic human resource techniques to teams in accounting teams and leadership positions in order to provide high-quality services in the shortest time possible. The operation of accounting services operates under a clear and concise manner and performs its measurement. Therefore, to provide the best accounting services and not get involved in fraud accounting, there needs to be an ultramodern investigation that uses scientific leadership when working as a team with major stakeholders (Topic 2, 2014). Stevenson was leading in the right direction by using new techniques in accounting. These techniques of accounting were important steps which need leaders with efficient skills to apply concepts like efficacy, cost benefit analysis, economies of scale and cost-effectiveness analysis that will progressively measure improvement. To resolve a core issue of the organization and get a competent solution, it is important to acquire efficient leadership. Strategic leadership in accounting provides quality and up to date accounting services to an organization. Leadership like that of Stevenson, brings together all of the incomplete system consisting of thousands of accountants working within a fragmented system of organizations. (Topic 7, 2014) Advanced fraud investigation is developed through effective teamwork and leadership in accounting. Leaders’ decisions are encouraged to be made by considering social and moral implications so it will have a positive effect on the shareholders and customers of the organization, such as the leadership of Stevenson’s. (Topic 7, 2014) Every employee bears an ethical responsibility to act in an ethical manner and make sure that their company does is tax compliant and allows reasonable deductions. Employees should ensure that the company appropriately allocates the importance of the business activities. The Accounting Issue The best way to improve the truthfulness in accounting and financial reporting is by ensuring that ethical standards are used through efficient manners of reporting, sufficient financial management and a strong system of governance. Maintaining a right to the truth is an ethical practice in financial reporting and accounting. Both the clients and stakeholders of an organization have the right to information that is true and accurate when making any investment discussions. It is the legal obligation of any accountant to provide services that are professional and competent and this should be done within their required skills. It is a common argument that a large number of accountants do not have the ability to recognize and solve ethical dilemmas in an ethical manner. This has made it necessary to incorporate ethics education as a key element in the accounting profession. Early initiation of the inclusion of professional values and ethics should be emphasized in the accounting profession. Major issue of the article Stevenson clearly shows that ethical management and taking responsibility to act in the best interest of the company that they are providing accounting services for, relates with providing accurate and truthful records. This beneficial not only to the organization, but also to the society in general (Media releases, 2014) Management should be ethical by being honest, accurate and complete when dealing with financial data and have ethics held in place. Every employee bears the responsibility to make decisions that are wise and up to date for the future well-being of the company. The accounting standards are useful in financial reporting and accounting as they are critically examined when processed. (Topic 2 , 2014) In order to uphold the highest code of ethics, organizations should emphasize on the major functions because shareholders and customers often make their decisions based on financial and accounting reports. Mr. Stevenson’s case is a clear demonstration of the importance of legal and ethical factors in accounting and financial reporting. It is through these two issues that Mr. Stevenson was able to establish effective departments of accounting and financial reporting and design specific rules that govern general functioning of any company. Relevant topics and theories Positive Accounting Theory plans for the future and gives information of what is currently not known. Financial reporting has its history with Positive Accounting Theory applied. It has focused its major interest on various aspects of accounting techniques which has provided an informative background with in depth details of the functionality of accounting in financial reporting (Topic 2, 2014) The application of financial reporting and accounting is concerned with all the future business of a company that relates to any economic unit. There are four main ethical elements involved in accounting and financial reporting. These elements are truthfulness, objectivity, autonomy and competence and they require employees in the accounting and financial reporting profession to act independently towards the clients to whom they offer their services. They should ensure that their desire to attain better living and to acquire more wealth should not be an obstacle to their financial responsibilities. Obligations of ethics greatly affect the decisions of accounting and financial reporting. Also helps solving unfair situations that may alter information symmetry. (Topic 2, 2014) The decision by Nepal and Korea to join the IFRS was based on the financial guidelines that govern accounting and financial reporting. Every employee in the accounting and financial reporting profession, whether in a private or public company bears an ethical responsibility to act in a manner that is loyal and impartial to his or her obligation when reviewing both the financial or individual reports of an organization. It is quite normal for accountants and financial reporters to encounter possible ethical violations when working. As a result, one should maintain carefulness and desist from manipulation of financial records as this is a violation of ethical guidelines. The important elements of normative accounting theory are the integrity and being open to public scrutiny. For some companies to maintain certain public image they may receive pressure from management. Most companies in the public sector are faced with the pressure to be seen as highly successful. Consequently, it becomes an ethical concern for the company to maintain ethical reports of the company assets because the pressure from management could fail them to resist the temptation (Topic 2, 2014). Management should not manipulate the company’s financial records and alter the figures in an effort to create an image that falsely portrays the company as successful. This is often temporary because it only portrays the prosperity of the company on a short term basis before the fraud is detected by the Securities and Exchange Commission (Topic 2 , 2014). Such manipulation, which is often based on poor decision making skills aims at putting up a false image of the financial status of the company and only has negative effects on the well-being of the company. Accounting professional should by all means disregard such practices. Despite the temptation associated with manipulating financial records, management should act as the last defense tool against accounting fraud. For these reasons, accounting theories assert that companies should maintain their ethical vigilance in order to avoid any potential breach of conduct (Callahan, 2014). Every individual engaging in any activity relating to financial reporting and accounting should uphold the highest standards of ethical behavior. It is through these standards that guidelines and rules are set to guide employees in performing their professional responsibilities. Question 2 In comment letter 1, the Financial Reporting Committee of the IMA wrote this letter to express its opinion on financial accounting standards, to simply the income statement presentation by eliminating the concept of extraordinary items. The FRC is in charge of several accounting books of different companies. This basically means that FRC has the responsibility of making timely responses to statements, pronouncements, research legislation, proposals and pending legislation. Their main concern in this comment letter is the complexion of financial statements within FASB. They support the simplified financial statements adopted by the board which is easier for common people to understand CITATION Sch l 1033 (Schroder, 2014). Their support is on the elimination of very unusual items as in most times this criterion is not satisfied. Their proposal to simplify the income statement gets rid of the tedious work in the preparation of financial documents. Their support is based on the fact that the allocation of time in preparing income tax reduces to a great extend by eliminating the occurrence of other income items. They thus advocate for a thorough examination of the details of this suggested proposal CITATION Sch l 1033 (Schroder, 2014). In comment letter number 2, Marcum Accountants and Advisors write to the FASB to simplify the income statement by eliminating the concept of extraordinary items regarding the proposed accounting standards. Their letter is generally a response to several questions regarding the process of simplification of the income statement. They support the concept of elimination of extra ordinary items from the General Accounting principles. Their argument is based on where the extra ordinary items make the application difficult in accounting practice CITATION Giu14 l 1033 (Giugliano, 2014). They thus support the application for extra ordinary items in previous accounting periods. A sudden change of the rules would otherwise lead to confusion in the accounting practice CITATION Top14 l 1033 (Topic 2 , 2014). The ease of application with the proposed update makes it easy to make these recommended changes to adopt. They thus suggest the immediate adoption of the proposed update. They agree with the decision made by the board which was to comply with the principle of separate disclosure of infrequent transactions. They also suggest the importance of offering guidance on deciding the unusual item. CITATION Giu14 l 1033 (Giugliano, 2014) Proper definitions should be provided of the unusually occurring items. In comment letter 3, Ford Motor Company also writes supporting the simplification of financial report assessed and initiated by FASB. Their agreement is based on the reasonable evaluation, identification and improvement of the generally accepted accounting principles CITATION Cal14 l 1033 (Callahan, 2014). This thus means that by reducing the complexity and simplifying the income statement, it will possibly reduce the cost of application. They are also in agreement with the board that such an update would not lead to data loss. The overall benefit would be to the end users of such financial statements. References Callahan, S. (2014). Comment Letter No. 6 (1st ed.). FORD MOTOR COMPANY. Retrieved from http://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/CommentLetter_C/CommentLetterPagecid=1218220137090project_id=2014-220 Callahan, S. (2014). Comment Letter No. 6 (1st ed.). FORD MOTOR COMPANY. Retrieved from http://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/CommentLetter_C/CommentLetterPagecid=1218220137090project_id=2014-220 Giugliano, G. (2014). Comment Letter No. 5 (1st ed.). MARCUM LLP. Retrieved from http://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/CommentLetter_C/CommentLetterPagecid=1218220137090project_id=2014-220 Media releases,. (2014). Kevin Stevenson retires as AASB Chair. Proposed Accounting Standards Update. (2014) (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://www.fasb.org Schroeder, N. (2014). Comment Letter No.2 (1st ed.). IMA/FRC. Retrieved from http://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/CommentLetter_C/CommentLetterPagecid=1218220137090project_id=2014-220 Topic 2 The role of ethics in accounting. (2014). Topic 6 International Accounting. (2014). Topic 7 Normative Accounting theories. (2014). Source document